Joseph Stembridge's blog ::...Buddhism Realities, Drug Firm Transparency Called Into..., Ghetto Schools in the First World, Romney vs Obama, MP Hit By Unwanted Law – reposted by @AgreeToDisagree...

Joseph Stembridge's blog ::...Buddhism Realities, Drug Firm Transparency Called Into..., Ghetto Schools in the First World, Romney vs Obama, MP Hit By Unwanted Law – reposted by @AgreeToDisagree...

Ｎｏｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｌａｗｙｅｒｓ,               ｕｎｌｉｋｅ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               ｆｉｇｈｔｅｒｓ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｒｕｅ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               "ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               Ｍａｃａｕｌａｙ"               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄａｙｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｕｎｄｓ               ａｒｅ               ｒｉｎｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎ,               ｔｈａｎｋｓ               ｔｏ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｂａｂｉｎｇｔｏｎ               Ｍａｃａｕｌａｙ'ｓ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ.                Ａｚｉｍ               Ｐｒｅｍｊｉｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｎａｒａｙａｎａ               Ｍｕｒｔｈｙｓ               ｓｏｌｄ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ. Ｔｈｅ               ＴＶＳ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｂａｂａ               Ｋａｌｙａｎｉｓ               ｓｏｌｄ               ａｕｔｏ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ. Ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｕｃｈ-ｈａｔｅｄ               19ｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｔ,               Ｍａｃａｕｌａｙ,               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｂｒｅｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ,               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               (ＬＰＯ).                "Ｗｅ               ｆｅｅｌ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｕｎｉｑｕｅ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｏｗｎ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ,"               ｓａｙｓ               Ｊｏｎａｔｈａｎ               Ｋｅｌｌｙ,               ｐａｒｔｎｅｒ               ａｔ               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               &               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ,               ａ               Ｕ.Ｋ. ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍ. "Ｔｈｕｓ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｂａｒｒｉｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｗｙｅｒｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗａｄｅ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ａｎｄ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ."                Ｔｈｅ               ｌａｗｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｆｏｒｍｅｒ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               Ｍａｃａｕｌａｙ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ａｎ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｃｒｅａｔｅ               "ａ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎｓ,               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｉｎ               ｂｌｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｌｏｒ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｉｎ               ｔａｓｔｅ,               ｉｎ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎｓ,               ｉｎ               ｍｏｒａｌｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｅｃｔ".                Ｔｈｅ               ｎａｓｃｅｎｔ               ＬＰＯ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｒｏｗ               30%               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ,               ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｓ               Ｐｕｎｅ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｆｉｒｍ               ＶａｌｕｅＮｏｔｅｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｒａｃｋｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｔｏｒ. Ｔｈｅ               ＬＰＯ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               $250               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               2009               ｆｒｏｍ               $146               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               2007.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒｅａｔ               Ｒｅｃｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               2008               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｓ               ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｇｒｏｗ,               ｕｎｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓａｗ               ｏｒｄｅｒｓ               ｓｌｉｄｅ,               ａｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｃｉｔｉｇｒｏｕｐ               ａｎｄ               Ｂａｎｋ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｃｕｔ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ. Ｃｌｉｆｆｏｒｄ               Ｃｈａｎｃｅ,               Ｅｖｅｒｓｈｅｄｓ,               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               &               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｏｓｂｏｒｎｅ               Ｃｌａｒｋｅ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｐ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｆｉｒｍｓ,               ａｒｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｏ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｉｎｔｅｇｒｅｏｎ,               ＭｉｎｄＣｒｅｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐａｎｇｅａ3               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ               ｃｕｔ               ｆｅｅｓ               ａｓ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｊｕｓｔ               ａ               ｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅｓ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.,               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐａｙ               ａｎ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ               $400               ａｎ               ｈｏｕｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｏｆ               ｉｔ.                "Ｌａｒｇｅ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,"               ｓａｙｓ               Ｎｅｅｒａｊａ               Ｋａｎｄａｌａ,               ａｎ               ａｎａｌｙｓｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ＶａｌｕｅＮｏｔｅｓ. "Ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅｓｔ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ａｒｅ               ｆａｃｉｎｇ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｕｔ               ｌａｗ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔｓ."                Ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｏｐｅ               ｏｆ               ＬＰＯ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｄｒａｆｔｉｎｇ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ,               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ,               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｌｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅ               ｂｙ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ. Ｌｅｇａｌ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｒｕｎ               ｉｎｔｏ               $100               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｐｅｒ               ａｎｎｕｍ               ｏｎ               ａｎ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅ               500               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ. Ｉｎ               ｃａｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｃｔｏｒｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｅａｌ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｅｃｔｕａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ａｓ               $200               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ.                Ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｃａｎ               ｒｅｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｂｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｈａｌｆ,               ｓａｙ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔｓ. "Ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｌｏｗｄｏｗｎ,               ｏｕｒ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ               ｈａｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｓｑｕｅｅｚｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               (ｖａｌｕｅ)               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔ               ｏｒ               ｃｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｐｅｎｄｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｕｓ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｉｎｇ               ａｔ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｃｏｓｔｓ,"               ｓａｙｓ               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               &               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ'               Ｋｅｌｌｙ. "Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｎｏｖａｔｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉｎｇ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ."                Ｗｉｔｈ               £250               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ,               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               &               Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ               (Ｓ&Ｓ)               ｉｓ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｐ               10               ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｋ. Ｉｔ               ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｄ               ｂａｃｋ-ｅｎｄ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｕｍｂａｉ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ＬＰＯ               Ｉｎｔｅｇｒｅｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｙｅａｒ. Ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｏｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｌｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｓ,               ｄｕｅ               ｄｉｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ. Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｉｓ,               Ｍｒ               Ｋｅｌｌｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｂｙ               30-50%.                Ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｇｉｖｅｓ               ａｎ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ               ｔｏ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｅｒｉｃａｌ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｍ,               ｂｕｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｅｎｄ               ｕｐ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｐａｉｄ               ｆｏｒ. Ｐａｎｇｅａ3'ｓ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｈｅｌｐｅｄ               ａ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｍｕｌｔｉ-ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｄｏｌｌａｒ               ｌａｗ               ｓｕｉｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｐｒｉｃｅ-ｆｉｘｉｎｇ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｔｅａｍ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｐｒｉｃｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｓｐａｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｅｉｇｈｔ               ｙｅａｒｓ,"               ｓａｙｓ               Ｓａｎｊａｙ               Ｋａｍｌａｎｉ,               ｃｏ-ＣＥＯ               ａｔ               Ｐａｎｇｅａ3. "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ               ｅｘｐｏｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｄａｎｇｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｏｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               Ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               Ａｃｔ."                Ｔｈａｎｋｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｆｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｗ               ｊｏｂｓ               ａｒｅ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ. "Ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａ               ｔｗｏ-ｆｏｌｄ               ｒｉｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｎｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ｔｏ               3-5               ｙｅａｒｓ,"               ｓａｙｓ               ＭｉｎｄＣｒｅｓｔ'ｓ               Ｍ.Ｄ. Ｒｏｈａｎ               Ｄａｌａｌ. Ｃｈｉｃａｇｏ-ｈｅａｄｑｕａｒｔｅｒｅｄ               ＭｉｎｄＣｒｅｓｔ               ｈａｓ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｍｕｍｂａｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｕｎｅ. Ｉｔｓ               ｈｅａｄｃｏｕｎｔ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａ               ｒｅｃｉｐｒｏｃａｌ               ｒｉｓｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               400               ｌａｗｙｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               2008               ｔｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               1,000.                ＬＰＯ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ               ａｐｐｅａｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｍｕｌｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗａｇｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ａｒｂｉｔｒａｇｅ               ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｓｍａｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ｍｉｄ-ｓｉｚｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｚｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＬＰＯ               ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ. ＬＰＯ               ｌｅｖｅｌｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｙｉｎｇ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｌａｃｋ               ｓｔａｆｆ,               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ-ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ,               ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ｕｐ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｏｒ               ｌａｗｓｕｉｔ.                Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ＬＰＯ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｌｏｗ-ｅｎｄ,               ｂａｃｋ-ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ. Ａ               ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｄ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｄａｔａ               ｅｎｔｒｙ,               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ,               ｐｒｅ-ｌｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ,               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,               ｄｕｅ               ｄｉｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ,               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｅｃｔｕａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ.                Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｄｅｓｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ＬＰＯ               ｉｓ               ｇａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ               ｉｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐａｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               Ｃｈｉｎａ,               Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ,               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ.                ＬＰＯ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｂｅｌｏｗ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｉｔｆａｌｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ:                Ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ＬＰＯ                Ｃｏｓｔ               Ｓａｖｉｎｇｓ. Ｌｅｇａｌ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ｅａｒｎ               30-70               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｗａｇｅｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｃｏｍｐａｒａｂｌｅ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.,               ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｐ               ｔｒｅｍｅｎｄｏｕｓ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｓａｖｉｎｇｓ. Ｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ               ｌｏｗｅｒ.                Ｒｏｕｎｄ-ｔｈｅ-Ｃｌｏｃｋ               Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｔｈｅ               12-ｈｏｕｒ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ａｎｄ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｐｅｒｍｉｔｓ               24/7               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｔｅａｍｓ               ｃａｎ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｉｇｈｔ,               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｑｕｉｃｋ               ｔｕｒｎａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ.                Ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               Ｇｌｏｂａｌ               Ｌａｂｏｒ               Ｐｏｏｌ. Ｉｎｄｉａ,               Ｃｈｉｎａ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｄｅｓｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆｆｅｒ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ,               ｔｒａｉｎｅｄ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ｆｏｒｃｅ. Ｉｎｄｉａ'ｓ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ａｔ               ａｎ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｒａｔｅ               ｏｆ               15               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｐｅｒ               ｙｅａｒ,               ｅｎｓｕｒｉｎｇ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｐｏｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｑｕａｌｉｆｉｅｄ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐａｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ.                Ｆｌｅｘｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ. Ｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｓｈｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｔａｌｅｎｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｉｌｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｒｋｌｏａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔ               ｄｅｍａｎｄｓ. ＬＰＯ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｌｌｏｗｓ               ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｐ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｌａｃｋｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.                Ｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ＬＰＯ                Ａ               Ｄｕｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｒａｄｓｔｒｅｅｔ               ｓｕｒｖｅｙ               ｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ａ               ｑｕａｒｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ               ｆａｉｌ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｈａｌｆ               ｆａｉｌ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｙｅａｒｓ. Ｂｅｌｏｗ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｄｒａｗｂａｃｋｓ               ｔｏ               ＬＰＯ:                Ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ. Ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｉｎｇ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｈｉｎｄｅｒ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｏｎｓｈｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｔｅａｍｓ.                Ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌｉｔｙ. Ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ               ｇｉｖｅｓ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ               ｖｅｎｄｏｒｓ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｓｏｍｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｃｏｎｔｅｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓ               ａ               ｗａｉｖｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ-ｃｌｉｅｎｔ               ｐｒｉｖｉｌｅｇｅ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｓ               ｃｒｏｓｓ-ｂｏｒｄｅｒ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ               ｌａｃｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｖａｃｙ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ａｆｆｏｒｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ.                Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               Ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ. Ｍａｎｙ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｓ               ｆａｉｌ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｃｌｅａｒ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｐｏｏｒ               ｖｅｎｄｏｒ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ,               ａ               ｌａｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎａｎｃｅ. Ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｕｌｔｉ-ｓｈｏｒｅ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｍａｎａｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ,               ｄｉｖｅｒｔｉｎｇ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｃｏｒｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ.                Ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               Ｃｏｓｔｓ. Ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅｓ,               ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ. Ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｖｅｎｄｏｒ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ,               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ,               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅ               ｔｕｒｎｏｖｅｒ,               ｖｅｎｄｏｒ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｍａｒｇｉｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｓｔｓ.                Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ               Ｈｕｒｄｌｅｓ. Ｒｅｌｉｎｑｕｉｓｈｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ               ｃａｎ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｌｏｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｉａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇ               ｒｅｍｏｔｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｃａｎ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ.                Ｐｏｏｒ               Ｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｉｎｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｂｌｙ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               Ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｃｙ                                Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ               ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ'ｔ               ｓｑｕｅｅｚｅ               ｗａｔｅｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｒｏｃｋ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｓａｎｄｅｅｐ               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｉｓ               ｔｒｙｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｊｕｓｔ               ａｓ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ               -               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ               ｈｕｍｏｒ-ａｎｄ               ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅ-ｓｐｏｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｋｙｒｏｃｋｅｔｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.                Ａｓ               ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ               ａｓ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｏｄａｙ'ｓ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｌｅｎｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｖｅｒｓｙ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｈｙｐｅ               ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ,               ｉｔ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ               ａ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｂｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｏｐｉｃ,               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｎ               ａｌｐｈａｂｅｔ               ｓｏｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ＢＰＯ,               ＫＰＯ,               ＥＰＯ               ａｎｄ               ＬＰＯ,               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｂｓｔａｃｌｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｍｏｏｔｈ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ.                Ｓｏｏｄ               ｉｓ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               "Ｄｏｕｂｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ,"               ａ               Ｗｅｂ               ｃｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌ               ｎｅｗｓｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔａｃｋｌｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｃｏｍｉｃ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｌｆ-ｄｅｐｒｅｃａｔｉｎｇ               ｈｕｍｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｆｏｒ               Ｓｏｏｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｈｅｒｅｎｔ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｗｎ               Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙ,               Ｃａｌｉｆ.-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｎｃｙ,               Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ.                Ａ               1998               ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ,               Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｂａｃｈｅｌｏｒ'ｓ               ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｉｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ,               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ＰｅｏｐｌｅＳｏｆｔ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｋｉｃｋｉｎｇ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｒｔｓ-ｕｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｌａｕｎｃｈｉｎｇ               Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ               ａｓ               ＢＣＭ               Ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｉｎ               2001. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｈａｓ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ａ               "ｓｌｏｗ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｅａｄｙ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ,"               ａｓ               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ. Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｓｉｘ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ｗｉｔｈ               90               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｉｔｉｅｓ:               Ｐｕｎｅ,               Ｃｈａｎｄｉｇａｒｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｕｍｂａｉ.                Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               Ｗｅｌｌｓ               Ｆａｒｇｏ               &               Ｃｏ.,               Ｃｉｓｃｏ               Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               Ｉｎｃ.,               Ｈｅｗｌｅｔｔ-Ｐａｃｋａｒｄ               Ｃｏ. ａｎｄ               Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｏｆｔ               Ｃｏｒｐ.                Ｓｏｏｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｕｍｏｒ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｐｌａｇｕｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.                Ｈｅ               ｆｅｅｌｓ               ｔｏｏ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｐｒｅｔｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｗａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｔａｌｋ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｍ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ.                "Ｉ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｎｄ               ｕｐ               ａｎｄ               ｓａｙ,               'Ｌｏｏｋ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｔｏｕｇｈ               ｗｏｒｋ,'"               ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ. "[Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ               ａｄｍｉｔｓ]               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｃｒｅｗｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｉｔ               [ａｎｄ               ｗｅ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈａｐｐｅｎｉｎｇ               ａｇａｉｎ]."                Ｈｅ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｇｒｅｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｐｅｒｖａｓｉｖｅ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｎｉａｌ               ｅｍａｎａｔｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄＵＳｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｉｆ               ａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇ,               ａｄｍｉｔｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓｈｏｗ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｉｓ               ｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔａｃｋｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅ               ｔｈｅｍ.                Ｓｏｏｄ               ｉｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｏｕｔｓｐｏｋｅｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ. Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｄｏｕｂｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ,               ｈｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｂｌｏｇ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               "Ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               2.0"               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｅａｋｓ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｐｉｃ.                Ｈｉｓ               ｂｉｇｇｅｓｔ               ｐｅｔ               ｐｅｅｖｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               "ｆｌａｔ               ｗｏｒｌｄ"               ｍｅｔａｐｈｏｒ,               ａｓ               ｃｏｉｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｆｒｉｅｄｍａｎ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｏｏｋ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｓ               Ｆｌａｔ."               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒｕｓｅｄ               ｍｅｔａｐｈｏｒ. Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔａｇｌｉｎｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ｄｏｕｂｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               "ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｉｃ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｒｏｕｎｄ               ｗｏｒｌｄ."                "Ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｆｌａｔ,"               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｓａｉｄ. "Ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ｃｕｒｖｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｕｍｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ,               ａｓ               ａ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｒｏｕｎｄ."                Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｓｏｏｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｆｌａｔ-ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｍｅｔａｐｈｏｒ               ｉｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎｏｗ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｃａｎ               ｈａｐｐｅｎ               ａｎｙｗｈｅｒｅ,               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               ｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅ               -               ｂｕｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｔ               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｆｌａｔ. Ｉｆ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ,               ｈｅ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｌｌ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒ               ｌｉｖｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ               ｏｒ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｏｒ               Ｃｏｓｔａ               Ｒｉｃａ.                "Ｉｆ               ｉｔ'ｓ               ｆｌａｔ,               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ               ｔｈａｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｏｎｅｓ               ｄｏ. Ｉｎ               ａ               ｆｌａｔ               ｗｏｒｌｄ,               50               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ＩＴ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄｎ'ｔ               ｆａｉｌ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,"               Ｓｏｏｄ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｓ               ｆｕｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｒａｎｇｅ               ｃｕｒｖｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｏｕｒｓ. Ａｌｌ               ｔｈｉｓ               'ｆｌａｔ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'               ｔａｌｋ               ｔｅｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｇｌｏｓｓ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ,               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ               …               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ,               ｔｉｍｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ,               ｅｔｃ.,               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｒｉｎｇｓ               ｕｐ."                "Ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｒｏｕｎｄ,               ｗｅ               ｃａｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ,               ｄｅａｌ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｈａｒｄｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｂｒｉｄｇｉｎｇ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ,"               ｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓ.                Ｓｏｏｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｌａｔ-ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｍｅｔａｐｈｏｒ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｓｏ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｉｎ               ｈｏｗ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｆｏｒｇｅｔ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｓｓｕｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｕｔ.                Ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｓ               ｆａｌｌｅｎ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｐ               ｏｆ               "ｏｖｅｒｐｒｏｍｉｓｉｎｇ"               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｏｒ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ.                "Ｉ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｕｒａｌ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｕｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               ｔｏ               ｓｔｅｐ               ｂａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｇｕｒｅ               ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒ-ｐｒｏｍｉｓｉｎｇ,               ｔｏ               ｆｉｇｕｒｅ               ｏｕｔ               ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ,               ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ,               ｉｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｈｕｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｂｒａｎｄ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,"               ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ.                "Ｗｈｅｎｅｖｅｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｋ,               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｓａｙ,               'Ｌｏｏｋ,               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,'"               ｈｅ               ａｄｄｅｄ. "Ｗｈｅｎ               ｙｏｕ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｏｄ,               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ａｔ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉｏｃｒｅ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               [ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｈａｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｏｐ]."                Ｓｏｏｄ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｄｏｕｂｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｓｍ,               ｖｅｉｌｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｍｅｄｙ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｔ,               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｌｌ               -               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｂｙ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ               -               ｂｕｔ               ｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ               Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ.                "Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｌａｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｈｕｍｏｒ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｚｅｒｏ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｖｅ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ,"               ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ. "Ｉｆ               ｎｏ               ｏｎｅ               ｅｌｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｉｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ａｆｒａｉｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｉｔ,               ｔｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｃｈａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｉｔ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｎａｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｕｒｓｅｌｖｅｓ."                Ｈｉｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏｗｈｅｒｅ               ｎｅａｒ               ｔａｐｐｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓｈａｒｅ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               1,652               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｍｍｅｎｓｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｅ,               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｓ               ｐｏｕｒｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ               -               ｙｅｔ               ｉｔ               ｌａｇｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｏｒ,               Ｃｈｉｎａ,               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｏｒ               ｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｂｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｃｙ.                Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｅａｍ               ｏｆ               ＨＰ               ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｂａｎｇａｌｏｒｅ,               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｅｔ               Ｕ.Ｋ. ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ｂｒｉｓｔｏｌ               ａｓ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ＨＰ               Ｌａｂｓ'               40ｔｈ               ｂｉｒｔｈｄａｙ,               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｃａｎ               ｈｅｌｐ,               ｂｕｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｆ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｃａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｔ. Ｏｎｌｙ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               10               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｃａｎ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ａ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｅｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ＰＣｓ               ｔｏ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               60               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ'ｓ               ｎｏ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｃｈａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ               ｕｎｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｓｏｌｖｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｂａｎｇａｌｏｒｅ               ｔｅａｍ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ.                Ｖｏｉｃｅ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ               ｈａｎｄｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｔｒｉｅｄ,               ｂｕｔ               ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｆｏｒ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｕｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ. Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ,               ＨＰ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｈａｓ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｅｓｔｕｒｅ               Ｋｅｙｂｏａｒｄ,               ｏｒ               ＧＫＢ,               ａ               ｄｉｇｉｔｉｓｅｒ               ｐａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｙｌｕｓ               ｃｏｍｂｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｒｋｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｉｎｄｉｃ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ,               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               Ｕｒｄｕ,               Ｇｕｊａｒａｔｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               -               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               400               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ               ａｌｏｎｅ,               ａｎ               ｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｔｏ               ｉｓｏｌａｔｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ＩＴ               ｏｒ,               ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ｐｒｅｆｅｒ,               ａｎ               ｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ               ｎｅｗ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｋｅｙ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｂａｓｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｌｐｈａｂｅｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｅａｃｈ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｓｅｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｏｗｅｌ               ｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｒｓ               -               ｍａｔｒａｓ               -               ａｄｄｅｄ. Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               ｈａｓ               36               ｃｏｎｓｏｎａｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｎｙ               ｏｆ               12               ｍａｔｒａｓ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｃｏｎｓｏｎａｎｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｂｏｕｎｄ               ｔｏ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ. Ｔｈａｔ               ｌｅａｄｓ               ｔｏ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               1,500               ｓｙｍｂｏｌｓ. Ｔｒｙｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｐｕｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｏｎ               ａｎ               ｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙ               ＱＷＥＲＴＹ-ｓｔｙｌｅ               ｋｅｙｂｏａｒｄ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｋｅｙｓｔｒｏｋｅｓ. Ｅｖｅｎ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔ               ｔｙｐｉｓｔｓ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ               ｔｏ               ｍａｓｔｅｒ:               ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｏ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｃａｎ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｉｔ               ａｌｉｅｎ               ｉｎｄｅｅｄ.                Ｔｈｅ               ＧＫＢ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｒｉｐｔ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｗｏｒｋｓ. Ｙｏｕ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｙｌｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔａｐ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｔ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ               ｏｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｎｔｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ. Ｏｒ,               ｄｒａｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｔｒａ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅｔ:               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇ               ｇｅｓｔｕｒｅ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ. ＨＰ               ｓａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔａｕｇｈｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ,               ｉｔ               ｔａｋｅｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ               ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｉｃｋ               ｕｐ               ａｎｄ               ｃａｎ               ｓｏｏｎ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ａ               ｍｉｎｕｔｅ.                Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｉｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ               -               ｉｔ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               40               ｅｕｒｏｓ,               ｉｎ               ａ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａ               ＰＣ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｂｏｕｇｈｔ               ｆｏｒ               200               -               ＨＰ               ｓａｙｓ               ｉｔ               ｃａｎ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｄｏｕｂｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｃｙｂｅｒｃａｆｅ               ｏｒ               ｋｉｏｓｋ,               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｒｇｅｏｎｉｎｇ               ｏｎｅ-ｍａｎ               ｂａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｂｏｏｔｈｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｎｏｎ-ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ,               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏ               ｏｎ. Ｉｔ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅ               ｂｕｉｌｔ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｋｅｙｂｏａｒｄｓ,               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｂｙ               ｒｅｐｌａｃｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃ               ｋｅｙｐａｄ               ｏｒ               ｂｙ               ｓｌｉｄｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｂｅｎｅａｔｈ.                Ｔｈｅ               ＧＫＢ               ｉｓ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｋａｎｎａｄａ,               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ＨＰ               Ｌａｂｓ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｐｅｒｓｉａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｒａｂｉｃ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｂｓ. Ｉｔ               ｔａｋｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａ               ｍｏｎｔｈ               ｔｏ               ａｄｄ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ,               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｉｔ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｒｕｌｅｓ;               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｔｏｏｋ               ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ,               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｈａｎｄｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ.                ＰｒｉｎｔＣａｓｔ               ｉｓ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａｄａｐｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｎｅｅｄｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｗａｙ               ｏｆ               ｅｍｂｅｄｄｉｎｇ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｄａｔａ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｖｉｄｅｏ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｓ:               ｉｎ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ,               ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｏｏ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               Ｔｅｌｅｔｅｘｔ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ＴＶ               ｓｉｇｎａｌｓ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               1970ｓ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ＰｒｉｎｔＣａｓｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｓ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ. Ｂｕｔ               ｂｙ               ｆｏｃｕｓｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｐｒｉｎｔａｂｌｅ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ,               ＰｒｉｎｔＣａｓｔ               ｃａｎ               ｍａｓｓｉｖｅｌｙ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｒｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔ               -               ｖｅｒｙ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ａｒｅａｓ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｐｌｅｎｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               -               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖｅｎｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｄｏｕｂｌｅ               ａｓ               ｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｍｉｘｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅ               ｄｅｃｏｄｅｒ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｉｄｅｏ               ｓｉｇｎａｌ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｐｉｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｂｕｆｆｅｒ,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｆｏｒｕｍｓ:               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｈａｌｌ               ｔｏ               ｗａｔｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               ａｔ               ｅａｃｈ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔ               ｃａｎ               ｒｕｎ               ｏｆｆ               ａｓ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃｏｐｉｅｓ               ａｓ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ,               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｎｏｍｉｎａｌ               ｃｈａｒｇｅ. Ｔｈｅ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｅａｌｔｈ,               ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｈｕｇｅ,               ｎｏｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ａｒｅａｓ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ               ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｕｐ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｔ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ａｔ               ａｌｌ               -               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｅｌｌ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｙｐａｓｓｅｓ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｓｗａｔｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｃｙ.                Ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｉｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｂｒｅａｋｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ               -               ｉｎ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ,               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｂｕｉｌｔ               ｔｅｎ               ｏｒ               ｆｉｆｔｅｅｎ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ａｇｏ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｔｅａｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｓ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｏｄｅｓｔ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ. Ｉｎｄｅｅｄ,               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ＨＰ               Ｌａｂｓ               Ｂｒｉｓｔｏｌ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｉｓｐａｒａｇｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               -               "Ｓｏ,               ｙｏｕ'ｖｅ               ｐｌｕｇｇｅｄ               ａ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｒ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ. Ｓｏ               ｗｈａｔ?"               Ｂｕｔ               ｌｉｋｅ               ａｌｌ               ｉｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｎｏ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｈｏｗ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ,               ｉｔ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｋｎｅｗ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｈａｐｐｅｎ               -               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｈａｓ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｃｈ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ,               ａｒｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               -               ａｓ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ＨＰ               Ｌａｂｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｏｏｋ               36               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ａｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｇｏｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｈｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｓｔ. Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｙ               ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ'ｓ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｆｌｏｗ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｗａｙｓ. Ｉｔ'ｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｊｕｓｔ               ａ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ,               ａｌｂｅｉｔ               ｏｎｅ               ａｓ               ｂｉｇ               ａｓ               ａｎｙ               ｗｅ'ｖｅ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ. Ｂｙ               ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｄｅａｓ,               ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｃａｎ               ｆｌｏｗ               ｂａｃｋ,               ｂｒｉｎｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｎｅｗ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｓ.                Ｔｈｅ               496               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｐｅａｋ               Ｂｅｎｇａｌｉ,               Ｕｒｄｕ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ.                Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｋｅｙｂｏａｒｄ,               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｂｉｇ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ-ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｔ               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ.                Ｋｅｙｂｏａｒｄｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ａｌｐｈａｂｅｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ａｄａｐｔｅｄ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ,               ｓｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｋｅｙｓ               ｃａｎ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｔｅｘｔｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｓ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ               ｐｉｅｃｅｓ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｇｌｙｐｈｓ.                Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               Ｋａｎｎａｄａ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｐｉｅｃｅｓ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               142               ｇｌｙｐｈｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               Ｋａｎｎａｄａ'ｓ               49               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ.                Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ                Ｉｎ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｎｇ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｓｅｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｓｉｄｅｔｒａｃｋｅｄ.                Ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ,               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｓｅｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｌｙｐｈｓ               ｏｒ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ               ｐｉｅｃｅｓ.                Ｔｈｉｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｍｅａｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｒｅａｄ               ｏｎ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｌｏａｄｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒｉｖａｌ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ.                Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｈａｎｄｉｃａｐ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｌｋ               ｔｏ               ｏｎｅ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ               ｔｏｏｌｓ.                Ａｓ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ               ｓｐｒｅａｄｓ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｐｅｒｓｉｓｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｏｄａｙ. Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｋａｒｎａｔａｋａ               ａｎｄ               Ｔａｍｉｌ               Ｎａｄｕ               ｐｕｓｈｅｄ               ａｈｅａｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ.                Ａｎｄ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｍｉｔｈｉ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｕｎｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌ               ｉｎ               11               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ               ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ.                Ｆｒｅｅ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓ                Ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｕｓｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｏｆｔ'ｓ               Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.                Ｂｕｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｕｓｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎ               ａｒｅ               ｐｕｓｈｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｃａｎ               ａｆｆｏｒｄ.                Ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｔｉｇｉｏｕｓ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｅｎｔｒｅ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               Ｔａｍｉｌ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｎｄｉ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               Ｃｈｅｎｎａｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｏｍｂａｙ.                Ｂｏｔｈ               ｒｅｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｉｎｕｘ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｆｒｅｅｌｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ.                Ｎｏｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｂｒｅａｋｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅ'ｓ               ｒｅａｌ               ｈｏｐｅ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               90%               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｉｔｅ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓｏｏｎ               ｂｅ               ｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ.                Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｔｏ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ａｓ               ａ               Ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ                               Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               (ＥＳＬ)               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｄｄｉｔｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｅｅｍ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｎｏｎｓｅｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ               ｗｈｏｓｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｓ               ａｎｙｗｈｅｒｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｒ               Ｅａｓｔ               ｔｏ               Ａｆｒｉｃａ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｓｅ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｗｅｉｒｄ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ａｓ               'ａ'               'ａｎ'               ｏｒ               'ｔｈｅ',               ｏｒ               'ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ'               ｖｅｒｂｓ,               ｏｒ               ｄｏｅｓｎ'ｔ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ａｄｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｏｕｎｓ               ａｓ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｄｏｅｓ.                Ｉｆ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｃｏｎｆｕｓｅｓ               ｙｏｕ,               ｙｏｕ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｎｏｒｍａｌ               ＥＳＬ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               "ｗｅｉｒｄ"               ｔｈｉｎｇｓ-ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｃｏｕｎｔｌｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ               'ｔｏ               ｂｅ',               ｐｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               'ｉｎ'               'ｉｎｔｏ'               ｏｒ               'ｏｆ',               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ               'ａ',               'ａｎ',               ａｎｄ               'ｔｈｅ'-ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｌｉｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｎｏ               ｇｒａｍｍａｒ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｃａｎ               ｏｆｆｅｒ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅ.                ＥＳＬ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｏｄｄｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ               ａｒｅ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｋ. ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               "ｉｄｉｏｍｓ,"               ｏｆ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｎｙ!                Ｏｎｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｓ               ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｔｏ               ｐｌｅａｓｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｉｓ               ｖｅｒｂｓ. Ｕｎｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｄｉａｌｅｃｔｓ,               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍａｉｎ               ｖｅｒｂｓ. Ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｍ               ａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｎｓｅｓ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｍｐｌｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｍｐｌｅ               ｐａｓｔ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｃｈａｒｔ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｂｓ:                'Ｂｅ'. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｍｓ:               'ｂｅ'               'ａｍ'               'ｉｓ'               'ａｒｅ'               'ｗａｓ'               'ｗｅｒｅ'               +               (ａｎｄ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｔａｋｅｓ               ａｎ               'ｉｎｇ'               ｆｏｒｍ:                Ｉ               ａｍ               ｇｏｉｎｇ.                Ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｏｄａｌ               ｆｉｒｓｔ:Ｉ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｇｏｉｎｇ.                Ｐａｓｓｉｖｅ               (ｗｉｔｈ               ｐａｓｔ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐｌｅ):Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｔｌｅ.                'Ｈａｖｅ'. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               'ｈａｖｅ'               'ｈａｓ'               'ｈａｄ'                Ｉ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ.                Ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ.                Ｄｏ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｖｅｒｂ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｌｏｏｋｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ:               'ｄｏ'               'ｄｏｅｓ'               'ｄｉｄ'               +               (ｐｌｕｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ'ｓ               ｂａｓｅ               ｆｏｒｍ)                Ｄｉｄ               ｓｈｅ               ｂｕｙ               ｔｈａｔ?                Ｍｏｄａｌ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ａｒｅ               "ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ"               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ. Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａ               ｍｏｄａｌ               "ｈｅｌｐｅｒ,"               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ.                Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               "ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ"               ｖｅｒｂｓ:                Ｃａｎ,               ｍａｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｕｓｔ.                Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ:                Ｐｅｒｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ:               Ｍａｙ               Ｉ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ? (Ｉｓ               ｉｔ               ａｌｌ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｉｆ               Ｉ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ?)                Ａｄｖｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ:               Ｉ               ｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ. (Ｉｔ'ｓ               ａ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｉｄｅａ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ.)                Ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｖｅｒｂｓ:               Ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ,               ｃｌａｕｓｅｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               'ｉｆ',               'ｗｈｅｎ',               ａｎｄ               'ｕｎｌｅｓｓ'               ｓｈｏｗ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｓ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｏｒ               ｒｅａｌ,               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓ.                Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ:               Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｓ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ.                Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｏｒ               Ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               Ａｃｔｉｏｎ,               Ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               (ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｍｏｄａｌ               +               ｂａｓｅ               ｆｏｒｍ)                Ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ｅａｔ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｆｒｅｓｈ               ｆｒｕｉｔ,               ｙｏｕ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｈｅａｌｔｈｉｅｒ.                Ｕｎｌｅｓｓ               ｓｈｅ               ａｒｒｉｖｅｓ               ｓｏｏｎ,               ｗｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｌａｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｔ.                ＨＩＮＴ:               Ｗｈｅｎ               'ｗｏｕｌｄ',               'ｃｏｕｌｄ',               ａｎｄ               'ｍｉｇｈｔ'               ａｒｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｅ               ｆｏｒｍ,'-ｓ'               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ.                Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ:               Ｉｆ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ａ               ｃａｒ,               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｄｒｉｖｅ               [ｎｏｔ               'ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｄｒｉｖｅｓ']               ｕｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｔａｕｒａｎｔ.                Ｔｗｏ-Ｗｏｒｄ               (Ｐｈｒａｓａｌ)               Ｖｅｒｂｓ                Ｔｗｏ-ｗｏｒｄ               (ｐｈｒａｓａｌ)               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｗｏ               (ｏｒ               ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ               ｔｈｒｅｅ)               ｗｏｒｄｓ               (ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ)               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ. Ｂｅｃａｕｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｗｏｒｄ               ｏｒ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ａｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               'ｉｄｉｏｍｓ'               (ｏｒ               ｕｎｉｑｕｅ               ｏｒ               'ｎｏｎｓｅｎｓｅ'               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ'ｓ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ).                Ｌｏｏｋ               ｏｖｅｒ               (ｅｘａｍｉｎｅ)               Ｓｈｅ               ｌｏｏｋｅｄ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ.                Ｌｏｏｋ               ｕｐ               (ｓｅａｒｃｈ)               Ｉ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｕｐ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ.                Ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               '-ｉｎｇ'               ａｎｄ               'ｔｏ               +               Ｖｅｒｂ'               Ｆｏｒｍｓ                Ｓｏｍｅ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               '-ｉｎｇ'               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ               (ｇｅｒｕｎｄ);               ｓｏｍｅ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               'ｔｏ+ｖｅｒｂ'               ｆｏｒｍ               (ｉｎｆｉｎｉｔｉｖｅ);               ｓｏｍｅ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒｍ.                Ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｂｙ               '-ｉｎｇ'               ｆｏｒｍｓ               (ｇｅｒｕｎｄｓ):               ａｄｍｉｔ               ｅｎｊｏｙ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ;               ａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅ               ｆｉｎｉｓｈ               ｒｅｃａｌｌ.                Ｓｏｍｅ               ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｃａｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ:               ｆｏｒｇｅｔ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｓｔｏｐ               ｔｒｙ;               Ｓｈｅ               ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ               ｔａｌｋｉｎｇ. [Ｓｈｅ               ｃｅａｓｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔａｌｋ.];               Ｓｈｅ               ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔａｌｋ. [Ｓｈｅ               ｐａｕｓｅｄ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｓｏｍｅｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｔａｌｋ.]                Ｖｅｒｂｓ                Ｖｅｒｂｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｐａｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ. Ｖｅｒｂｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               'ｉｓ'/'ａｒｅ'               ｏｒ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               'ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｂｓ'               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｏｍｉｔｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ.                --Ｌｉｕ               'ｉｓ'               ｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｒ.                --Ｓｈｅ               'ｈａｓ'               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇ               ａｎｃｉｅｎｔ               Ｍａｙａｎ               ｒｕｉｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｕｍｍｅｒｓ                --               Ｉｔ               'ｍｉｇｈｔ'               ｂｅ               ａ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｉｄｅａ               ｔｏ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｗａｔｅｒ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ｈｉｋｅ.                Ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｔｈｅｒｅ/Ｉｔ                Ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｏｍｉｔｔｅｄ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｉｓ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄ               ("Ｐｕｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｏｘ               ｈｅｒｅ,               ｐｌｅａｓｅ.")                Ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｌａｕｇｈｅｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               'ｔｈｅｙ'               (ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ)               ｗｅｒｅ               ｗａｔｃｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｒｔｏｏｎ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｃｋｅｙ               ｐｌａｙｅｒ               'ｗｈｏ'               (ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ)               ｗａｓ               ｇｕａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏａｌ               ｇｏｔ               ｈｕｒｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇａｍｅ.                Ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅｓｏｍｅ               ａｒｅ               ＴＨＥＲＥ               ａｎｄ               ＩＴ               ａｓ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓ. Ｅｖｅｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ＴＨＥＲＥ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｗｏｒｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｌｓｅｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ,               ＴＨＥＲＥ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ. ＩＴ               ｉｓ               ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ,               ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ｔｉｍｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｕｓ.                Ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ               Ｗｏｒｄｓ:               Ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓ                Ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｎｏｕｎ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ. Ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｎｃｅ.                Ｂｏｎｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｄｙ               [ｄｏ               ＮＯＴ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｄ               'ｔｈｅｙ'               ｎｅｘｔ]               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｂｒｉｔｔｌｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｇｒｏｗ               ｏｌｄｅｒ.                [Ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ,               ｂｏｔｈ               ＢＯＮＥＳ               ａｎｄ               ＴＨＥＹ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ               ｂｒｉｔｔｌｅ.]                Ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｎｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅａｄｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔａｋｅｏｆｆ               [ｄｏ               ＮＯＴ               ｎｅｅｄ               'ｉｔ'               ａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｏｉｎｔ]               ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｕｎｗａｙ.                [Ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｐｌａｎｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂ               ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ.]                Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ                Ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ａｒｅ               ｊｕｓｔ               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｎｕａｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｇｏｉｎｇ,               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｕｓａｇｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｄｅａｌ               ｏｒ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｓｏ               ｆａｒ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｏｌｖｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｐｙ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｗｒｉｔｅ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｌａｗｙｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｕｒｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ               ｈａｖｅｎ'ｔ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ.                Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｃｏｓｔ,               ｔｈａｔ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｔｅｐ-ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｔｓ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｃｏｓｔｓ-ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｃｅａｎｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｒａｇｇｉｎｇ               ｂｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ＬＰＯｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｌ               ｆｌｕｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ. Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               Ｉ'ｖｅ               ｈａｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ               ｅｄｉｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｏ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｉ'ｖｅ               ｈａｄ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｍｉｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｓｓｉｇｎｍｅｎｔ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｍａｉｌｓ               ａｒｅ               ｕｎｒｅａｄａｂｌｅ:               ｔｈｅｙ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｕｐ               ａｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｗｏｒｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｗｏｒｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｐａｓｔｅ               ｉｔ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍａｉｌ,               ｏｒ,               ｗｏｒｓｅ,               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｉｔｅ               ｏｒ               ｂｌｏｇ.

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8. Back in Bristol

   denisesoe.blogspot.com/   01/19/2010

   ...even as low as -20C (-4F) in parts of Scotland... by employment law firm Peninsula. It suggested... are Bristol...Twelve lorries jack...

9. The problems of legal costs in Employment Tribunals - Do you want to go down the Part 36 route?

   humanlaw.typepad.com/   05/26/2007

   ...Alex Lock, partner at Beachcroft law firm in Bristol and editor of the Employment...himself put to considerable cost in proving he ... that law and dispute resolution ...

10. E-Disclosure Taster Menu in Bristol

    chrisdale.wordpress.com/   02/21/2009

    ...work is in short supply. Bristol is one of ten cities in Britain with a Mercantile Court... on the quality of local law firms and chambers, and on...

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